Please note that all vocabulary items printed in bold may appear in an exam
| 1 | |
| bénténg | fortification, fortress |
| lindung, pe- | protector, guard |
| runtuh | collapse, disintegrate, fall apart. ~ sudah (see the explanation below)) |
| sudah | Normally sudah preceeds the word it modifies, i.e. sudah runtuh 'has already collapsed'. In rare cases sudah can follow the word it modifies, indicating that the action is irreversible, i.e. runtuh sudah 'has collapsed for ever'. |
| salah satu | one of (two or more) |
| sebab, peny- | cause |
| masuk, -nya | penetration (cf Kegiatan 2a) |
| serbu, -an | attack |
| gelombang | long rolling waves |
| darat, -an | land (as opposed to ocean) |
| wilayah | (administrative) district |
| lagi | again, tidak lagi, no longer |
| bakau | mangrove |
| kurang, -nya | the lack (of). (cf. Kegiatan 2a) |
| jalur | jalur hijau, green belt |
| tahan, pen- | s.t. which holds back, protects against |
| ombak | wave, surf |
| penahan ombak | breakwater |
| 2 | |
| rusak, -nya | destruction (cf. Kegiatan 2a) |
| hilang, -nya | loss (cf. Kegiatan 2a) |
| kawasan | district, region, area |
| saat | saat ini, at this moment |
| kitar, se- | approximately |
| 66,86 | 66.68 [66,68 is read as enam puluh enam koma delapan puluh enam. Indonesian uses a decimal comma rather than a decimal point!] |
| persén | percent |
| héktar | hectare |
| utama, ter- | specially |
| 3 | |
| akibat | consequence, outcome |
| ulah | comportment, behavior, caprice |
| manusia | men, mankind |
| baik...maupun | both...and |
| cara, se- | in a ... manner. Secara can adverbalise adjectives (cf. Sneddon 2.169) |
| langsung | direct. ~ langsung directly |
| desak, -an | urge |
| butuh, ke-an | need |
| dorong, men- | to push |
| babat, mem- | to clear (a forest), to fell |
| manfaat, me-kan | to utilise |
| arang | charcoal |
| kayu bakar | fire wood |
| luas, per-an | expansion |
| aréal | area, site |
| tambak | aquaculture pond |
| 4 | |
| babat, pem-an | clearing, felling |
| besar, 2-an | large scale, massive |
| udang | shrimp |
| windu | udang windu, k.o. shrimp |
| tanam, -an | plant |
| 5 | |
| pola | pattern |
| dukung, men- | to support |
| hasil, meng-kan | to produce |
| ton, berton-ton | in tons, by the ton, tons and tons |
| kenang, -an | remembrance, recollection. Here: a memory from the past |
| milik | owned by |
| warga | resident, members of the (local) community |
| sedikit demi sedikit | bit by bit, gradually, progressive |
| kikis, ter- | eroded |
| makin, se- | to keep on, do s.t. more and more, increasingly |
| jadi, menjadi-jadi | to increase, get worse |
| ubah, ber- | berubah menjadi to change/turn into |
| harus, se-nya | should have (but didn't) |
| tahan, men- | to hold back, constrain |
| capai, men- | to reach |
| 6 | |
| ahli | specialist |
| muka, menge-kan |
to bring forward, utter, express. Here: he said |
| bencana | natural disaster |
| hendak, -nya | should |
| ingat, meng-kan | to remind |
| akan | for (the purpose of). The preposition akan should not be confused with the temporal marker akan. |
| penting, -nya | importance |
| tidak, se-nya | at least |
| wilayah | region, district, zone |
| 7 | |
| sadar, ke-an | awareness |
| akan | for (the purpose of) |
| kesadaran akan pentingnya | an awareness for the importance of |
| manfaat, ber- | useful |
| cegah, men- | to prevent |
| kikis, peng-an | erosion |
| kembang-biak, ber- | to breed |
| lindung, ber- | to seek shelter, protection |